NIH developed the position of COSWD in response to recommendations from the NIH Advisory Committee to the Director in 2012 to address disadvantages in receipt of NIH R01 equivalent funding by race and ethnicity that was reported by Ginther et al. in 2011. NIH has developed programs and continues to implement new initiatives to address this disparity. NIH monitors progress with addressing this disparity, and the COSWD, in collaboration with OER, regularly reports on those data.